Comfort food

Comfort food is traditionally eaten food (which often provides a nostalgic or sentimental feeling to the person eating it)^[1], or simply provides the consumer an easy-to-digest meal, soft in consistency, and rich in calories, nutrients, or both.^[2] The nostalgic element most comfort food has may be specific to either the individual or a specific culture.^[3] Many comfort foods are flavorful; some may also be easily prepared.

Psychological studies

Comfort foods may be consumed to positively pique emotions, to relieve negative psychological effects or to increase positive feelings.^[4] The term was first used, according to Webster's Dictionary, in 1977.

One study divided college-students' comfort-food identifications into four categories (nostalgic foods, indulgence foods, convenience foods, and physical comfort foods) with a special emphasis on the deliberate selection of particular foods to modify mood or effect, and indications that the medical-therapeutic use of particular foods may ultimately be a matter of mood-alteration.^[5]

The identification of particular items as comfort food may be idiosyncratic, though patterns are detectable. In one study of American preferences, "males preferred warm, hearty, meal-related comfort foods (such as steak, casseroles, and soup), while females instead preferred comfort foods that were more snack related (such as chocolate and ice cream). In addition, younger people preferred more snack-related comfort foods compared to those over 55 years of age." The study also revealed strong connections between consumption of comfort foods and feelings of guilt.^[6]

Comfort food consumption has been seen as a response to emotional stress, and consequently, as a key contributor to the epidemic of obesity in the United States.^[7] The provocation of specific hormonal responses leading selectively to increases in abdominal fat is seen as a form of self-medication.^[8]

Further studies suggest that consumption of comfort food is triggered in men by positive emotions, and by negative ones in women.^[9] The stress effect is particularly pronounced among college-aged women, with only 33% reporting healthy eating choices during times of emotional stress.^[10] For women specifically, these psychological patterns may be maladaptive.^[11]

A therapeutic use of these findings includes offering comfort foods or "happy hour" beverages to anorectic geriatric patients whose health and quality of life otherwise decreases with reduced oral intake.^[12]

American comfort foods

American comfort foods include: Baked beans, Apple pie, Clam chowder, Chicken noodle soup, Casseroles, and other warm, inviting foods. Folllowing a reader's opinion poll by About.com, these foods were listed as the most common comfort foods by American respondents:^[13]

• Apple pie
• Baked beans
• Banana pudding
• Beef stew
• Brisket pot roast
• Chicken and dumplings
• Chicken pot pie
• Chicken soup
• Chili
• Chocolate chip cookies
• Corn on the cob
• Fried chicken
• Gelatin dessert
• Green bean casserole
• Grilled Cheese Sandwich (Runner Up)
• Hamburgers (Runner Up)

• Hot dogs

• Ice cream

• Macaroni and cheese
• Mashed potatoes
• Meatloaf
• Potato salad
• Pumpkin pie
• Shepherd's pie
• Spaghetti
• Tomato soup
• Tuna casserole

One recent development, as chefs have explored the roots of American cuisine and tried to define it as a unique style, is the advent of fine dining comfort food restaurants that feature more careful cooking and presentation, higher quality and fresh organic ingredients, along with consequently higher prices.^[14]